一、Issue的典型立场

　　1. Agree P104 3

　　2. Disagree P108 47

　　3. Agree with concession P105 16

　　4. Disagree with concession P107 34

　　5. Refuse to take sides拒绝站在任何一边case by case attitude P111 73

　　二、典型结构typical organizations

　　1. I. Introducion P293

　　II. support1

　　III. support2

　　IV. support3

　　V. conclusion

　　句型: In the first place / to begin with

　　In the second place / in addition

　　Last but not least / Moreover / furthermore / what's more

　　2. I. support1正P217

　　II. support2正

　　III. concession反

　　句型：In the first place...

　　in the second place...

　　Admittedly / however, it should be admitted （confessed） that /

　　however, there is no denying that...

　　3. I. Introducion P283

　　II. Side A

　　III. Side B

　　IV. Conclusion

　　4.反驳式：逐一反驳对方理由

　　Refute 1

　　Refute 2

　　Refute 3

　　Conclusion

　　I. Many people may sincerely believe that..., However, one doesnot have to go very far to see that...

　　II. Some people may also take for granted that （理所当然地认为）...Yet careful examination would review that...

　　III. Another misconception that many people may hold is that...But what they feel notice is that...

　　三、开头的策略：

　　应能抓住读者的注意力和好奇心

　　注意开头明确提出主张

　　1、描述背景并提出立场P68

　　2、首先陈述相冲突的观点，然后提出自己的主张P71

　　3、先用问句提出问题，然后提出在这个问题上的典型主张（可提可不提），最后说自己的观点P72

　　4、讲述一段轶文（anecdote ）趣事P70

　　5、先提出典型反对派立场，然后简要驳斥，最后提自己主张P260

　　6、先提出自己主张，然后简要陈述自己的基本理由P255

　　闪光句型：

　　According to the title statement,...while I agree that...I insist that.../ it is natural that...

　　It is natural that people may disagree over such a controversial issue due to their different experiences and values. On balance, I an inclined to support（<-> oppose） the idea that ..

　　There is a growing public concern over the issue of...

　　The speaker in the title statement advocates that....

　　In the last analysis, I argue that...

　　四、how to support your claim正文论证

　　1. inductive reasoning逻辑推理具体一般

　　1）facts and examples: P282 P 219

　　句型：For example / instance, To illustrate, As an illustration. There is evidence that...

　　2）statistics: P 98-100

　　3）authorities or quotations:

　　句型：

　　Professor / or..., a well-known / influential scholar of...

　　In china said ,"..."